Wednesday, April 16, 2025
HomeDog Training & Behavior10 Efficient Methods to Cease a Canine from Chewing Furnishings: A Complete...

10 Efficient Methods to Cease a Canine from Chewing Furnishings: A Complete Information

Study the most effective methods to cease a canine from chewing furnishings with our complete information.

Introduction to the issue of canine chewing furnishings

Chewing on furnishings is a standard concern that many canine house owners face, and it may be irritating and regarding. This habits may end up in harm to home goods, pose dangers to the canine’s well being, and point out underlying points that must be addressed. Understanding the explanations behind why canine chew on furnishings and how one can forestall or redirect this habits is important for the well-being of each the canine and the proprietor.

Causes for canine chewing on furnishings

There are a number of the explanation why canine could chew on furnishings, together with teething, boredom, separation nervousness, attention-seeking habits, and underlying well being points. It is vital to determine the particular reason behind the habits to be able to handle it successfully. Listed below are some widespread causes for canine chewing on furnishings:
– Teething: Puppies could chew on furnishings to alleviate discomfort through the teething section.
– Boredom and Lack of Stimulation: Canine could resort to chewing after they lack psychological and bodily stimulation.
– Separation Nervousness: Canine with separation nervousness could chew on furnishings as a coping mechanism when left alone.
– Consideration-Looking for Conduct: Some canine could chew on furnishings to get consideration, even when it is unfavourable consideration.
– Underlying Well being Points: Chewing habits could also be an indication of dental issues or gastrointestinal discomfort.

Significance of addressing this habits

Chewing on furnishings is a habits that needs to be addressed promptly and successfully for a number of vital causes. Firstly, it could pose critical well being dangers to your canine. As talked about earlier, ingesting items of furnishings can result in gastrointestinal obstructions, inside accidents, and potential poisoning from poisonous supplies. These well being points will be pricey to deal with and will even be life-threatening in extreme circumstances. Moreover, dental issues ensuing from chewing on laborious surfaces could cause ache and discomfort to your canine, affecting their general well-being.

Well being Dangers of Chewing on Furnishings

  • Ingestion of sharp or poisonous supplies
  • Potential poisoning from chemical compounds in furnishings
  • Dental points reminiscent of damaged or cracked enamel

Behavioral Penalties of Unaddressed Chewing

  • Reinforcement of damaging habits
  • Potential stress and nervousness for each the canine and the proprietor
  • Problem in redirecting chewing habits to acceptable objects

It’s also vital to deal with furnishings chewing from a behavioral standpoint. Permitting this habits to persist can reinforce damaging habits and make it harder to redirect your canine’s chewing habits to acceptable objects. This will result in stress and nervousness for each the canine and the proprietor, in addition to potential harm to home goods. By addressing and stopping furnishings chewing, you may assist guarantee the general well-being and security of your canine, in addition to preserve a harmonious setting in your house.

Overview of the ten efficient methods to cease canine chewing

Present Acceptable Chew Toys

Supply quite a lot of secure and sturdy chew toys to your canine. Search for toys which might be designed to advertise dental well being and are appropriate to your canine’s measurement and chewing type. Rotate the toys often to maintain them attention-grabbing and novel to your canine.

Present Lengthy Lasting Pure Chews

In case your canine enjoys chewing on wood furnishings, take into account offering pure and long-lasting wood chews like Olive Wooden Canine Chews and Root Chews. Different long-lasting chews, reminiscent of Yak Bars and Lamb Horns, are additionally nice options to your furnishings.

Use Bitter Sprays or Deterrents

Apply pet-safe bitter sprays or deterrents to the furnishings your canine is vulnerable to chewing. These merchandise have a style and scent that canine discover disagreeable, discouraging them from chewing on handled surfaces. Even higher, make your personal spray utilizing Apple Cider Vinegar or Lemon Juice.

Supervise and Handle Surroundings

Whenever you can not straight supervise your canine, take into account confining them to a secure area, reminiscent of a crate or a dog-proofed room. This limits their entry to furnishings and reduces the chance of damaging behaviour. Use child gates or pet limitations to limit entry to sure areas of the home.

Train and Psychological Stimulation

Guarantee your canine will get sufficient bodily train by walks, playtime, and different actions. A drained canine is much less prone to interact in damaging behaviours out of boredom. Incorporate psychological stimulation into your canine’s routine with puzzle toys, interactive feeders, or coaching classes.

Coaching and Constructive Reinforcement

Educate your canine primary obedience instructions, reminiscent of “go away it” and “drop it.” Persistently use optimistic reinforcement, rewarding good behaviour with pure treats or reward. Redirect your canine’s consideration to acceptable chew toys whenever you catch them within the act of chewing furnishings. Reinforce and reward them for selecting the right objects.

Make the furnishings much less interesting

by utilizing furnishings covers, anti-chew sprays, or double-sided tape. These strategies can create an undesirable texture or style. Consistency is vital when coaching your canine. Implement guidelines constantly and reward optimistic behaviour promptly. Inconsistency can confuse your canine and make coaching much less efficient.

Deal with underlying points

reminiscent of separation nervousness or boredom. In case your canine is chewing because of nervousness, regularly desensitize them to being alone. Begin with quick intervals and regularly enhance the time. Take into account enlisting the assistance of knowledgeable canine coach or behaviourist, particularly if the chewing behaviour is linked to nervousness or stress.

Seek the advice of with a veterinarian

If the chewing behaviour persists or is sudden and extreme, seek the advice of together with your veterinarian to rule out any potential medical points, reminiscent of dental issues or gastrointestinal discomfort. It is vital to deal with any underlying well being points which may be contributing to the chewing behaviour.

Consistency and Endurance

Be constant in your method to stopping your canine from chewing on furnishings. It might take time and endurance to alter your canine’s behaviour, however with the best methods and consistency, you may successfully forestall damaging chewing and promote more healthy habits to your canine.

Understanding the explanations behind canine chewing

Teething and Exploration

For puppies, chewing is usually a pure response to the discomfort of teething. Similar to human infants, puppies undergo a teething section the place their gums turn into sore and itchy. Chewing helps to alleviate this discomfort and likewise permits them to discover and work together with their setting. Offering acceptable chew toys and often checking their mouth for discomfort may help redirect their chewing habits throughout this section.

Boredom and Lack of Stimulation

Canine, particularly lively breeds, can turn into bored when left alone for prolonged intervals. Within the absence of psychological and bodily stimulation, they might resort to chewing as a option to alleviate boredom. Common train, interactive toys, and puzzle feeders can preserve your canine engaged and scale back the chance of furnishings chewing.

Nervousness and Stress

Some canine could chew on furnishings as a response to nervousness or stress. This will happen when they’re left alone for lengthy intervals, resulting in separation nervousness. Addressing separation nervousness could contain gradual desensitization to being alone, utilizing consolation objects, or in search of the help of knowledgeable canine coach or behaviorist. Offering a secure and comfy setting may help alleviate anxiety-related chewing behaviors.

Exploring widespread triggers for this habits

Teething and Oral Discomfort

Puppies, specifically, could chew on furnishings on account of teething and oral discomfort. In the course of the teething section, which usually happens between three and 6 months of age, puppies expertise sore and itchy gums. Chewing on furnishings offers aid from the discomfort they’re feeling. Offering acceptable chew toys and often checking their mouth for discomfort may help redirect their chewing habits.

Boredom and Lack of Stimulation

Canine, particularly lively breeds, can turn into bored when left alone for prolonged intervals. Within the absence of psychological and bodily stimulation, they might resort to chewing as a option to alleviate boredom. Common train, interactive toys, and puzzle feeders can preserve your canine engaged and scale back the chance of furnishings chewing.

Nervousness and Stress

Some canine could chew on furnishings on account of nervousness or stress. This will happen when they’re left alone for lengthy intervals, resulting in separation nervousness. Addressing separation nervousness could contain gradual desensitization to being alone, utilizing consolation objects, or in search of the help of knowledgeable canine coach or behaviorist. Figuring out and addressing the underlying nervousness or stress may help scale back the chance of damaging chewing habits.

Figuring out the foundation reason behind your canine’s chewing

Figuring out the foundation reason behind your canine’s chewing behaviour is important in addressing the problem successfully. There are a number of potential the explanation why your canine could also be chewing on furnishings, and understanding the underlying trigger may help you implement essentially the most acceptable options. Listed below are some steps that will help you determine the foundation reason behind your canine’s chewing:

Observe the circumstances

Make notice of when and the place your canine engages in chewing behaviour. Does it happen whenever you’re away from residence, throughout particular instances of the day, or in sure areas of the home? Understanding the circumstances surrounding the chewing can present priceless insights into potential triggers or contributing elements.

Take into account your canine’s age and breed

Totally different life phases and breeds could have particular chewing wants and tendencies. Puppies, for instance, undergo a teething section, whereas sure breeds could have a pure inclination to chew because of their searching or scavenging ancestry. Taking your canine’s age and breed into consideration may help you higher perceive their chewing behaviour.

Assess your canine’s general well-being

Take into account your canine’s bodily and emotional well being. Are there any indicators of dental discomfort, nervousness, or boredom? Addressing any underlying well being or behavioural points can play a vital function in managing and stopping damaging chewing behaviour.

By rigorously observing your canine’s behaviour, contemplating their particular person traits, and assessing their well-being, you may acquire priceless insights into the foundation reason behind their chewing. This understanding will information you in implementing focused methods to deal with the behaviour successfully.

Administration and prevention methods for canine chewing

Chewing is a pure habits for canine, however it could turn into problematic when directed in direction of furnishings or different inappropriate objects. To handle and forestall canine chewing, it is vital to deal with the underlying causes and supply acceptable retailers for his or her chewing instincts. Listed below are some methods to assist forestall and handle canine chewing:

Present Acceptable Chew Toys

Supply quite a lot of secure and sturdy chew toys to your canine. Search for toys which might be designed to advertise dental well being and are appropriate to your canine’s measurement and chewing type. Rotate the toys often to maintain them attention-grabbing and novel to your canine.

Supervise and Handle Surroundings

Whenever you can not straight supervise your canine, take into account confining them to a secure area, reminiscent of a crate or a dog-proofed room. This limits their entry to furnishings and reduces the chance of damaging habits. Use child gates or pet limitations to limit entry to sure areas of the home.

Train and Psychological Stimulation

Guarantee your canine will get sufficient bodily train by walks, playtime, and different actions. A drained canine is much less prone to interact in damaging behaviors out of boredom. Incorporate psychological stimulation into your canine’s routine with puzzle toys, interactive feeders, or coaching classes. Enrichment toys will be an effective way to sort out boredom and preserve your canine entertained. Lickimats will be frozen to final even longer! The movement of licking the mat additionally releases a feel-good chemical within the mind, which helps chill out your canine.

Making a dog-friendly setting

Making a dog-friendly setting in your house is important for the well-being of your furry pal. Listed below are some tricks to make your private home a cushty and secure place to your canine to thrive:

Present a delegated area

Designate a particular space in your house to your canine to relaxation and chill out. This might be a comfy nook with a cushty mattress or a crate that serves as a secure and safe den to your canine. Having a delegated area provides your canine a way of safety and helps them really feel comfy in your house.

Take away hazards

Have a look round your private home and determine any potential hazards to your canine. Preserve poisonous crops, chemical compounds, and small objects out of attain. Safe electrical cords and preserve family cleaners and drugs in a locked cupboard. By eradicating hazards, you may create a secure setting to your canine to discover with out the chance of damage or sickness.

Present interactive toys

Preserve your canine mentally stimulated and entertained by offering quite a lot of interactive toys. Puzzle feeders, treat-dispensing toys, and chew toys may help preserve your canine engaged and forestall boredom. Rotate the toys often to maintain them attention-grabbing and supply a supply of enrichment to your canine.

Set up a routine

Canine thrive on routine, so set up a constant schedule for feeding, train, and playtime. This helps your canine really feel safe and reduces nervousness. A predictable routine additionally makes it simpler to your canine to grasp what is predicted of them and may help forestall behavioural points.

Create a cushty out of doors area

In case you have a yard or out of doors area, create a dog-friendly space the place your pet can play and discover safely. Make sure that the area is securely fenced and free from any potential risks. Present shade, water, and shelter to maintain your canine snug whereas they benefit from the open air.

By implementing the following pointers, you may create a dog-friendly setting that promotes your pet’s bodily and emotional well-being. A secure, snug, and stimulating setting will assist your canine really feel completely satisfied and content material in your house.

Utilizing deterrents and options for chewing

Utilizing Bitter Sprays or Deterrents

One efficient option to discourage your canine from chewing on furnishings is to make use of pet-safe bitter sprays or deterrents. These merchandise have a style and scent that canine discover disagreeable, which may help deter them from chewing on handled surfaces. You too can make your personal spray utilizing pure elements reminiscent of apple cider vinegar or lemon juice. Merely combine the elements with water in a clear spray bottle and apply it to the furnishings your canine is vulnerable to chewing. The bitterness from these sprays may help make the furnishings much less interesting to your canine.

Present Acceptable Chew Toys

One other vital technique for stopping furnishings chewing is to offer your canine with quite a lot of secure and sturdy chew toys. Search for toys which might be designed to advertise dental well being and are appropriate to your canine’s measurement and chewing type. It is also useful to rotate the toys often to maintain them attention-grabbing and novel to your canine. Providing acceptable chew toys can redirect your canine’s pure chewing instincts to extra appropriate objects, lowering the chance of furnishings harm.

Use Lengthy-Lasting Pure Chews

Along with conventional chew toys, take into account offering your canine with long-lasting pure chews reminiscent of cut up deer antlers, pizzles, Yak Bars, or Lamb Horns. These chews are 100% pure and free from poisonous chemical compounds, offering a secure and satisfying outlet to your canine’s chewing wants. Pure chews may assist promote dental well being and preserve your canine entertained for prolonged intervals. By providing these options, you may assist steer your canine away from chewing on furnishings and in direction of extra acceptable objects.

Coaching methods to cease canine chewing

Relating to coaching your canine to cease chewing on furnishings, optimistic reinforcement and redirection are key. As an alternative of punishing your canine for chewing, concentrate on offering acceptable chew toys and rewarding good behaviour. Listed below are some efficient coaching methods to assist cease your canine from chewing on furnishings:

Educate “Depart It” and “Drop It” Instructions

Educating your canine primary obedience instructions like “go away it” and “drop it” will be invaluable in redirecting their chewing behaviour. Use optimistic reinforcement and rewards to encourage your canine to launch or ignore objects they should not be chewing on. Consistency is vital in reinforcing these instructions, and with follow, your canine will be taught to reply appropriately.

Present Loads of Chew Toys

Supply quite a lot of secure and sturdy chew toys to your canine to redirect their chewing instincts. Search for toys which might be designed to advertise dental well being and are appropriate to your canine’s measurement and chewing type. Rotate the toys often to maintain them attention-grabbing and novel to your canine.

Use Bitter Sprays or Deterrents

Apply pet-safe bitter sprays or deterrents to the furnishings your canine is vulnerable to chewing. These merchandise have a style and scent that canine discover disagreeable, discouraging them from chewing on handled surfaces. Even higher, make your personal spray utilizing Apple Cider Vinegar or Lemon Juice. Utilizing a clear spray bottle, combine 2 cups of lemon juice with 1 cup of white vinegar, or 2 cups of apple cider vinegar with 1 cup of white vinegar. Lemon juice smells nicer across the residence, however apple cider vinegar can typically be more practical. The bitterness from both ought to deter your pet or canine from desirous to chew something that’s been sprayed.

Supervise and Handle Surroundings

Whenever you can not straight supervise your canine, take into account confining them to a secure area, reminiscent of a crate or a dog-proofed room. This limits their entry to furnishings and reduces the chance of damaging behaviour. Use child gates or pet limitations to limit entry to sure areas of the home.

Train and Psychological Stimulation

Guarantee your canine will get sufficient bodily train by walks, playtime, and different actions. A drained canine is much less prone to interact in damaging behaviours out of boredom. Incorporate psychological stimulation into your canine’s routine with puzzle toys, interactive feeders, or coaching classes. Enrichment toys will be an effective way to sort out boredom and preserve your canine entertained. Lickimats will be frozen to final even longer! The movement of licking the mat additionally releases a feel-good chemical within the mind, which helps chill out your canine.

Coaching and Constructive Reinforcement

Educate your canine primary obedience instructions, reminiscent of “go away it” and “drop it.” Persistently use optimistic reinforcement, rewarding good behaviour with pure treats or reward. Redirect your canine’s consideration to acceptable chew toys whenever you catch them within the act of chewing furnishings. Reinforce and reward them for selecting the right objects. In case your canine is chewing because of separation nervousness, regularly desensitize them to being alone. Begin with quick intervals and regularly enhance the time. Take into account enlisting the assistance of knowledgeable canine coach or behaviourist, particularly if the chewing behaviour is linked to nervousness or stress.

By implementing these coaching methods and being constant in your method, you may assist your canine develop acceptable chewing habits and forestall them from damaging your furnishings. Bear in mind to be affected person and understanding, as coaching takes effort and time, however the outcomes shall be value it in the long term.

Constructive reinforcement and habits modification

Constructive reinforcement and habits modification are efficient strategies for addressing and stopping furnishings chewing in canine. These methods concentrate on rewarding and inspiring fascinating behaviors whereas redirecting and discouraging undesirable behaviors. By utilizing optimistic reinforcement, you may assist your canine be taught what is predicted of them and supply them with various retailers for his or her pure chewing instincts.

Constructive Reinforcement

Constructive reinforcement includes rewarding your canine for exhibiting the specified habits, reminiscent of chewing on acceptable chew toys as a substitute of furnishings. When your canine engages within the appropriate chewing habits, provide reward, affection, or small treats to strengthen their good habits. This optimistic affiliation encourages your canine to repeat the specified habits sooner or later. Consistency is vital when utilizing optimistic reinforcement, so remember to reward your canine promptly and constantly after they select the suitable chew toys.

Conduct Modification

Conduct modification includes redirecting your canine’s chewing habits in direction of acceptable chew toys and discouraging them from chewing on furnishings. Whenever you catch your canine within the act of chewing on furnishings, firmly say “no” and redirect their consideration to an appropriate chew toy. Persistently offering various retailers for chewing and discouraging the undesirable habits may help modify your canine’s chewing habits over time.

Record of Suggestions:
– Use verbal reward, petting, or small treats to reward your canine for selecting acceptable chew toys.
– Redirect your canine’s consideration to chew toys every time they try and chew on furnishings.
– Persistently reinforce and reward optimistic chewing habits to encourage long-term adjustments in habits.

By utilizing optimistic reinforcement and habits modification, you may successfully practice your canine to chew on acceptable objects and scale back the chance of furnishings chewing. These strategies create a optimistic and supportive setting to your canine, selling wholesome chewing habits and minimizing damaging behaviors.

Suggestions for constant and efficient coaching

Consistency is vital relating to coaching your canine. Listed below are some ideas that will help you preserve a constant and efficient coaching routine:

Set clear guidelines and limits

Set up clear guidelines and limits to your canine from the start. Consistency in implementing these guidelines will assist your canine perceive what is predicted of them and scale back confusion.

Use optimistic reinforcement

Constructive reinforcement, reminiscent of treats, reward, and rewards, will be extremely efficient in coaching your canine. When your canine reveals the specified habits, instantly reward them to strengthen the habits.

Be affected person and protracted

Coaching takes time and endurance. Be constant in your coaching efforts and do not get discouraged if progress is gradual. Persistence and endurance will repay in the long term.

Preserve coaching classes quick and frequent

Quick, frequent coaching classes are more practical than lengthy, rare ones. Goal for 5-10 minute classes a number of instances a day to maintain your canine engaged and centered.

Use clear and constant cues

Use clear, constant cues and instructions when coaching your canine. This can assist them perceive what is predicted of them and scale back confusion.

Search skilled assist if wanted

If you happen to’re battling coaching your canine, do not hesitate to hunt assist from knowledgeable canine coach or behaviorist. They’ll present steerage and help to make sure constant and efficient coaching.

Looking for skilled assist for extreme circumstances of canine chewing

In case your canine’s chewing behaviour is extreme, persistent, or accompanied by different regarding signs, it is vital to hunt skilled assist from a veterinarian, canine coach, or animal behaviourist. These professionals can present professional steerage and tailor-made options to deal with the underlying causes of the chewing behaviour and to assist modify your canine’s behaviour successfully. Listed below are some causes to contemplate in search of skilled assist for extreme circumstances of canine chewing:

Figuring out underlying medical points:

A veterinarian can conduct a radical examination to rule out any potential medical causes to your canine’s chewing behaviour. Dental issues, gastrointestinal points, or different well being issues could also be contributing to the behaviour, and a vet can present acceptable therapy or administration methods.

Behavioural evaluation and coaching:

An animal behaviourist or licensed canine coach can assess your canine’s behaviour and develop a personalised coaching plan to deal with the underlying causes of the chewing. They’ll present steerage on behaviour modification methods, optimistic reinforcement coaching, and environmental administration to assist curb the damaging chewing behaviour.

Addressing nervousness and stress:

In case your canine’s chewing is linked to nervousness or stress, knowledgeable may help develop a complete plan to deal with these underlying points. This may increasingly contain gradual desensitisation to being alone, making a secure and comforting setting to your canine, and implementing methods to scale back separation nervousness.

Implementing administration methods:

Professionals can present recommendation on managing your canine’s setting to stop damaging chewing. This may increasingly embrace suggestions for confinement, offering acceptable chew toys, and making a structured routine to fulfill your canine’s bodily and psychological wants.

Looking for skilled assist for extreme circumstances of canine chewing can present priceless help and steerage in addressing the behaviour successfully. It is vital to work with professionals who’ve experience in canine behaviour and coaching to make sure the most effective outcomes to your canine and your family.

Understanding when to contain knowledgeable coach or behaviorist

When to Contain a Skilled Coach or Behaviorist

If you happen to discover that your canine’s chewing habits is persistent, extreme, or linked to underlying points reminiscent of nervousness or stress, it could be time to contain knowledgeable coach or behaviorist. Listed below are some indicators that point out the necessity for skilled intervention:

Indicators to Search for

– Harmful chewing that isn’t conscious of redirection or administration methods
– Chewing habits that’s accompanied by different indicators of tension, reminiscent of pacing, extreme vocalization, or makes an attempt to flee
– Chewing that’s centered on particular objects or areas related to the proprietor’s scent, indicating separation nervousness
– Sudden and excessive adjustments in chewing habits, particularly whether it is out of character for the canine
– Chewing that’s inflicting vital harm to furnishings or poses a danger to the canine’s well being

It is vital to contain knowledgeable coach or behaviorist who has expertise in addressing behavioral points in canine, significantly these associated to nervousness, stress, or damaging chewing. Search for people who’ve a background in optimistic reinforcement coaching strategies and a radical understanding of canine habits. An expert will be capable to assess the underlying causes of your canine’s chewing habits and develop a tailor-made coaching plan to deal with the problem successfully.

When to Search Assist

If you’re not sure whether or not your canine’s chewing habits requires skilled intervention, it is best to err on the facet of warning and search assist from a professional coach or behaviorist. They’ll present steerage on how one can handle the habits, implement acceptable coaching methods, and handle any underlying points which may be contributing to the chewing. Moreover, knowledgeable can provide help and assets that will help you and your canine navigate the coaching course of successfully.

Bear in mind, involving knowledgeable coach or behaviorist doesn’t imply that you’ve failed as a canine proprietor. It merely signifies that you’re dedicated to addressing your canine’s habits in a accountable and efficient method. By in search of skilled assist, you may make sure that your canine receives the help and steerage wanted to beat their chewing habits and lead a contented, wholesome life.

Further assets and help for canine house owners coping with chewing points

Skilled Canine Trainers and Behaviourists

Looking for the steerage of knowledgeable canine coach or behaviourist can present priceless help in addressing chewing points. These specialists can assess your canine’s behaviour, determine underlying causes, and develop a tailor-made coaching plan to redirect chewing behaviour. Search for licensed and skilled professionals who use optimistic reinforcement-based coaching strategies.

On-line Communities and Boards

Becoming a member of on-line communities and boards for canine house owners can provide a wealth of help and recommendation from people who’ve skilled comparable challenges with their canine. Search for respected and lively boards the place members share ideas, assets, and success tales associated to managing and stopping chewing behaviour in canine.

Books and Instructional Supplies

There are quite a few books, articles, and academic supplies accessible that concentrate on understanding and addressing chewing behaviour in canine. Search for assets authored by respected canine behaviour specialists and veterinarians. These supplies can present in-depth insights into the underlying causes for chewing and provide sensible coaching methods and administration methods.

In conclusion, stopping a canine from chewing furnishings requires a mix of coaching, offering acceptable chew toys, and managing the canine’s setting. Consistency and endurance are key in breaking this behavior and selling good habits.

RELATED ARTICLES

LEAVE A REPLY

Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here

- Advertisment -
Google search engine

Most Popular

Recent Comments